In the decades since the tragic events of September 11, 2001, civil aviation has remained a prime target for terrorist organisations. The symbolic and practical significance of attacking aircraft or airports continues to attract malicious actors seeking to instil fear, cause mass casualties, and disrupt global connectivity.

While significant advancements in aviation security have been made, the evolving nature of terrorism means that the threat to civil aviation remains persistent and dynamic. This blog explores the current terrorist threat landscape, the aviation industry's challenges, and the measures being taken to mitigate these risks.

The Evolving Threat Landscape

Terrorist groups have demonstrated a relentless determination to exploit vulnerabilities in civil aviation. From hijackings and bombings to more sophisticated cyber-attacks, the methods employed by terrorists have evolved in response to enhanced security measures. Today, the threat is multifaceted, involving traditional tactics and emerging technologies.

Traditional Tactics: Hijackings and Bombings

Despite significant improvements in airport security, the risk of hijackings and bombings persists. Terrorist groups such as ISIS and Al-Qaeda have repeatedly expressed their intent to target aviation. For example, in recent years, there have been several foiled plots involving explosive devices disguised as everyday items. The 2017 attempted bombing of a Somali passenger plane using a laptop bomb highlights the ongoing ingenuity of terrorists in circumventing security protocols.

Traditional methods of hijacking are less prevalent but still a risk.

Insider Threats

One of the most concerning aspects of the current threat landscape is the potential for insider threats. Airport and airline employees with access to secure areas could be coerced, radicalised, or bribed into assisting terrorist operations. In February 2016, the detonation of an IED smuggled onto Daallo flight 159 by airport workers illustrates this insider threat. Similarly, in December 2014, a Delta Airlines baggage handler was imprisoned after being apprehended by police for smuggling 18 firearms through an employee-only access point onto a flight to New York.

Cyber systems are critical to civil aviation operations and must be protected.

Cyber-Attacks on Aviation Infrastructure

As aviation systems become increasingly digitised, the risk of cyber-attacks has grown. Terrorist groups and state-sponsored actors could target air traffic control systems, airline databases, or even onboard aircraft systems. A successful cyber-attack could lead to catastrophic consequences, including flight groundings, data breaches, or even the loss of aircraft control.

An overview of standards and recommended practices, alongside the response to the cyber security

Drones - Unmanned Aerial Systems

The proliferation of drones has introduced a new dimension to the terrorist threat. Drones can conduct surveillance, deliver explosives, or disrupt airport operations. Incidents such as the 2018 Gatwick Airport drone disruption, which caused widespread chaos and financial losses, illustrate the potential for drones to be weaponised or used as disruption tools. As discussed here, the Gatwick event highlights how misinterpreting incidents and the response can exacerbate matters.

Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear (CBRN) Threats

While less common, the use of CBRN materials in aviation attacks remains a concern. The 2004 plot to detonate a "dirty bomb" on a transatlantic flight is a stark reminder of the potential for such attacks. Advances in technology and the accessibility of harmful materials increase the likelihood of future attempts.

At any one time, as many as 12,000 civilian aircraft are in the air.

Challenges in Mitigating the Threat

Addressing the terrorist threat to civil aviation is a complex and ongoing challenge. Several factors complicate efforts to ensure the safety and security of passengers and crew.

Global Nature of Aviation

Civil aviation is inherently international, involving a vast network of airports, airlines, and regulatory bodies. Coordinating security measures across different jurisdictions with varying levels of resources and expertise is a significant challenge. Weaknesses in one part of the system can have global repercussions.

Balancing Security and Convenience

Enhancing security often comes at the cost of passenger convenience and operational efficiency. Long security lines, invasive screenings, and stringent regulations can deter travellers and increase airline costs. Striking the right balance between security and convenience is a persistent challenge for the industry.

Rapidly Evolving Tactics

Terrorist groups are highly adaptive, constantly developing new methods to circumvent security measures. This requires aviation security professionals to stay ahead of emerging threats, which is both resource-intensive and technically demanding.

Human Error and Complacency

Despite technological advancements, human error remains a critical vulnerability. Security personnel may become complacent over time, leading to lapses in vigilance. Additionally, the sheer volume of passengers and baggage processed daily increases the likelihood of oversights.

Current Measures and Innovations

The aviation industry has implemented various measures and continues innovating in security to counter the evolving terrorist threat.

Enhanced Screening Technologies

Advanced screening technologies, such as computed tomography (CT) scanners and biometric identification systems, have significantly improved the detection of threats. CT scanners provide detailed 3D luggage images, making it easier to identify concealed explosives. Biometric systems, such as facial recognition, enhance passenger verification and reduce the risk of identity fraud.

Intelligence Sharing and Collaboration

International cooperation and intelligence sharing are critical to preventing terrorist attacks. Organisations such as INTERPOL and the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) facilitate the exchange of information and best practices among member states. Joint exercises and training programs also help build capacity and foster collaboration.

Behavioural Detection

Many airports have implemented behavioural detection programs, which train security personnel to identify suspicious behaviour. These programs rely on observing nonverbal cues and anomalies in passenger behaviour to detect potential threats.

Cybersecurity Measures

To address the growing threat of cyber-attacks, airlines and airports are investing in robust cybersecurity frameworks. This includes regular vulnerability assessments, employee training, and the adoption of advanced encryption technologies. Collaboration with cybersecurity experts and government agencies is also essential to staying ahead of potential threats.

An overview of standards and recommended practices to mitigate the cyber threat is here.

Drone Detection and Mitigation

Airports increasingly deploy drone detection systems to monitor and respond to unauthorised drone activity. These systems use radar, radio frequency scanners, and optical sensors to identify and track drones. Counter-drone technologies, such as jamming devices or interceptor drones, sometimes neutralise threats.

Insider Threat Programs

To mitigate the risk of insider threats, airports and airlines are implementing comprehensive vetting and monitoring programs. These programs include background checks, continuous employee training, and data analytics to identify suspicious patterns of behavior.

ICAO’s Insider Threat Toolkit provides guidance on how to address this challenge.

The Role of Passengers and the Public

While governments and the aviation industry are primarily responsible for ensuring security, passengers and the public also play a crucial role. Vigilance and cooperation are essential to maintaining a safe travel environment. Passengers are encouraged to report suspicious activity, adhere to security protocols, and stay informed about potential threats.

Summary

The terrorist threat to civil aviation remains a significant challenge, requiring constant vigilance and innovation. While the industry has made remarkable progress in enhancing security, the evolving nature of terrorism demands a proactive and adaptive approach. By leveraging advanced technologies, fostering international collaboration, and addressing emerging vulnerabilities, the aviation industry can continue to safeguard the lives of millions of passengers and maintain the integrity of global air travel.

However, the fight against terrorism is a shared responsibility, and success relies on the collective efforts of governments, industry stakeholders, and the travelling public. In an increasingly interconnected world, civil aviation security is not merely a national matter but a global imperative.

Threats: Challenges and Responses